Some causes of 4 The Influence of Actor Observer Bias on Attributions of Other Drivers. Actor-Observer Bias Examples The Role of Actor and Observer Causes of the Actor-Observer Bias more likely than men to use these external attributions. Gender and orientation stereotypes bias source-monitoring attributions. Research indicates that women are 3 Marsh, R. However, as observers, they often attribute others’ behavior to personal traits like laziness or lack of responsibility. Available from:, they tend to attribute their behavior to external factors, such as traffic congestion or unexpected circumstances, as the actor. ![]() The Actor–Observer Bias and Moral Intuitions: Adding Fuel to Sinnott-Armstrong’s Fire. On the other hand, when individuals are the “observer” and interpret the behavior of others, they tend to attribute their actions to internal characteristics or dispositional factors, such as personality traits or inherent qualities.įor example, when individuals are running late 2 Nadelhoffer, T., & Feltz, A. When individuals are the “actor” in a situation, they tend to focus on the situational context that influenced their behavior, leading them to attribute their actions to external factors such as circumstances, pressure, or other people’s influence. Available from: observed in social interactions and perceptions. PMID 4723963.The actor-observer bias is a common bias 1 Koenig, A. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing actors’ and observers’ points of view. ![]() Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. doi:10.1037/h0076485.Nisbett, Richard Caputo, Craig Legant, Patricia Marecek, Jeanne (1973). Actor-observer differences in perceptions of effective control. Inclusion of the other in the self-scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. The bibliography of this article was considered reliable and of academic or scientific accuracy. But actor-observer bias compares how you make attributions when you’re in one place or another (either as an actor or as an observer).Īll cited sources were thoroughly reviewed by our team to ensure their quality, reliability, currency, and validity. Therefore, one could say that fundamental attribution error is an attribution bias that discusses one’s tendency to explain someone’s behaviors in their internal dispositions. As you can see, it’s strictly attributions of other people’s behaviors. ![]() Therefore, fundamental attribution error only focuses on the behavior of other people. Mainly based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, as a fundamental attribution error. Thus, one can explain a person’s tendency to explain another person’s behavior. Instead, it’s often just a part of the internal causes of other people’s behavior. Unlike actor-observer bias, fundamental attribution error doesn’t take your behavior into account. Both terms refer to the same aspect of attributive bias but don’t mean the same thing. Actor-observer bias and fundamental attribution error are basically two sides of the same coin. ![]() Actor-observer bias and fundamental attribution errorĪctor-observer bias is often confused with fundamental attribution error, as they’re both types of attribution biases. Thus, what you do have is the memory of someone associated with stable characteristics. However, on many occasions, when you, as an observer, make an attribution, you don’t know much about the actor’s circumstances. But why?Īpparently, the reason is that, when people have more information about the needs, motivations, and thoughts of close individuals, they’re more likely to take into account the external forces that affect their behavior.Ī possible reason that justifies the actor-observer bias is that, when people are the actors in a situation, they’re more aware of the circumstances of the situation. In this sense, researchers found that people don’t fall as much into the actor-observer bias with people they know well, such as close friends and relatives. However, when something negative happens to another person, outsiders often blame them for their personal choices, behaviors, and actions instead of external circumstances. You protect yourself in a way by blaming the situation or the circumstances. Actor-observer bias tends to be more pronounced in situations with negative results.
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Because of the high prevalence, heavy burden, and limited treatments, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that requires urgent attention. A combination of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is used to treat PTSD, but has limited efficacy in patients with refractory PTSD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of PTSD is complex, involving abnormal neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and genetic mechanisms. Individuals with PTSD have high comorbidities with other psychiatric diseases, including major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. The important features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood. More than 70% of adults worldwide are exposed to a TE at least once in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of individuals develop PTSD after experiencing a TE. The TEs described in the DSM-5 include actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence, and other extreme stressors, either directly or indirectly. In both diagnostic categories, experiencing a traumatic event (TE) is the necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD. ![]() Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition (ICD-11) offer the most widely accepted diagnostic guidelines for PTSD. ![]() Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and heterogenous psychiatric disorder that was first defined as a mental disorder in 1980. Moving cards to the foundation: Move cards to the foundation when available.Moving tableau cards from column to column: Individual or stacks of sequenced cards in the tableau can be moved on top of a card of the opposite color and higher rank.You can move the top card of the waste card to the tableau if it is an allowed move: either one rank down and of opposite suit, or a King to an empty column. ![]()
![]() There is a folder in the ZIP file with the SVG files in it for each icon. You select the icons you want, then you download all of them in a single ZIP file. Source 3: This site has a smaller collection of free vector icons that can be downloaded in SVG format. Again, most of the vector formats here are SVG. Source 2: What I like about this site is that it allows you to filter your search results by file type so you can specify vector format, by price to select free price, and by license type to select no link back license. Since all of the icons on this site are created by the same person, you get icons that have the same style, which is why they will work well if you use multiple icons on a single slide. The icons in the example above are all from iconmonstr. When you find an icon you want to use, make sure you select to download the SVG file, not the PNG file. The icons are organized into categories and sub-categories that make finding the right icon from browsing quite quick. I usually use the function to browse the collection instead of searching because I find the search doesn’t work all that well. Source 1: This is my first choice for finding vector icons. Many of the Creative Commons licenses have one or both of these restrictions. So where do you find no-cost vector icons that can be used without restrictions? When I say without restrictions, I am referring to a license that does not require you to place attribution text on each slide using an icon, or a license that requires you to share your presentation publicly if you use an icon. Common vector file formats include EPS, SVG, and EMF. Vector files are far less common than image files. Because the file contains the information about each shape, you can separate the shapes and edit them. These files allow you to resize while maintaining quality because the information in the file allows for drawing the shapes at any size. Vector files do not store information about dots of different colors like image files do, they store information on the lines or shapes that make up the icon you see. ![]() Common image file types include PNG, JPG, TIF, or BMP.Īs Nolan pointed out in his session, your preference should be to find vector icons. If you resize a small image icon, it gets fuzzy, and as an image, you can’t separate the pieces of the icon to make changes. These images work well if you don’t need to resize them, edit them, or recolor them. Many icons you see are images, usually PNG images with a transparent background. It seems like icons are icons, but that is not the case. There are three areas I want to address in this article: what icons you should look for, where to find vector icons, and how to convert common vector formats for use in PowerPoint. Instead of creating icons on your own, which takes artistic talent, it is much easier to use ones that are available from artists who have shared their work under an appropriate license. If your order contains large delivery items, as well as standard delivery items, you’ll be charged for large delivery.The delivery date will be based on the product with the longest timescale shown. If ordering multiple items, please be aware that these may be grouped together for a single delivery.Check the details provided at the checkout. If you are ordering more than one item, please be aware that items may not be delivered together. ![]() If you need to return your order for any reason Products can be returned to any QCON store, whether bought in-store or online.It is not possible to amend or cancel orders placed for next day delivery due to the limited time between the order being placed and being dispatched for delivery.If you no longer wish to receive your order, you can refuse delivery of the goods and we will refund your money. As a result, there are limited circumstances where we can cancel your home delivery order. This means we have a small window (often less than couple of hours) in which we can cancel an order. We want you to receive your items quickly, so we begin to process your order as soon as we receive it.If you’re not in when we try to deliver, we’ll leave a card letting you know how to rearrange delivery for a suitable time.You will need to be in to receive your delivery, and a signature may be required.Some items may be delivered to kerb-side (the street outside your home) or to a ground floor room of your choice.The majority of our products will be delivered to your front door.Our bulk delivery service excludes some restricted areas by our courier and transportation companies.Minimum order value of AED 125 across any combination of bulk delivered products.Receive a call from the driver when on route.A signature will be required on delivery.If next day doesn’t suit you or not possible, another date shall be communicated to you by our team.Friday deliveries are available to certain locations.Delivery times range from 2 to 7 working days, depending on availability of stock Our team will do their best to prioritize, if possible. Order by 10am and request next day delivery (excluding Friday and public holidays).If products are in stock, we can deliver most items on the next day, subject to them being available in store, they are eligible for home delivery, have a minimum load limit of less than and within within radius of the store. Next day delivery as standard for hundreds of products, depending on availability of stock.Returns are straight-forward - If you've changed your mind and need to send items back, it's quick to return parcels at a QCON store.Ģ5aed up to 25kg, 1.50aed for every additional 1kg.Making it easy to collect a parcel - Have your online shopping delivered to a collection point and you can collect it at a time that it suits you.QCON has partnered with the local approved courier and transport companies to make collecting, returning and sending products easy Instead, we’ll place items by your front door. We’ll no longer deliver items into customers’ homes. ![]() This is why we’re making some changes to minimize contact during delivery. The safety of our colleagues and customers is our priority. We are focussed on protecting our colleagues and customers while continuing to safely deliver products to you. We’re making some changes to the way we make our deliveries.
![]() Click on the 3D checkbox to turn the animation layer into a 3D layer or alternatively you can just toggle the switches on modes and select the 3D option. Duplicate the animation layer, by selecting it and pressing the CMD+D keyboard shortcut. During the process of making a handwritten animated text, adding the drop shadow effect below or behind the text can help you make the animation look more professional.īefore you start you’ll have to select all the layers in the animation and hit Precompose, in order to merge them into a single layer. Logos, watermarks and all other types of text animations often lack depth, and for that reason, animators often create the 3D effect by using the drop shadow. You can fine-tune the opacity of the shadow, alter its direction, increase and decrease its distance from the source or change its color to make the effect look more convincing.Īdding the Drop Down Shadow to Text in After Effects Once you apply the effect a soft-edged outline will appear behind the layer, which makes it a great choice if you want to create an outline around an object. ![]() You can then just drag and drop the effect to a layer on the timeline and proceed to adjust its settings in the Effect Controls panel. The Perspective folder in the Effects & Presets menu contains the Drop Shadow effect, and the only thing you have to do to access it is to type its name in the Effects Browser. If a shot contains one or two objects against a solid background, then applying drop shadow can be effective, but if the background contains a lot of details you might want to consider other methods of creating shadows in AE. How to Apply the Drop Shadow Effect in AE?Īdding a drop shadow to the footage you’ve chosen randomly won’t necessarily produce the results you want, because how visually pleasing the effect is going to be depends on how the shot is composed. Read on if you would like to find out more about the process of creating the Drop Shadow effect in Adobe After Effects. The Drop Shadow effect is commonly used to add depth to static and animated text, but there are lots of creative ways you can use this effect to enhance the footage you’re editing. Learning how to control the shadows in the footage you’re editing, will enable you to improve its quality, which is why you also need to know how to add artificial shadows to images or text layers you use in your projects. I would also rethink the direction for the shadow.Capturing the play between the light and shadow is what makes cinematography an art. You might try just making the top layer 3D to see what that does. If you are still stuck we need a much more informative screenshot to figure out what is going on. I would start the troubleshooting by soloing the two layers that are giving you problems, press the U key twice to see all modified properties, then start turning things off or resetting the values until you find what is causing the problem. That is not at all how I would have approached the problem. Right now it looks like you just filled the keyed footage of the actor or actors with black and are trying to use that to create a shadow on the ground. Since I can't see what is going on with the 2D layer, which I assume is a keyed layer of at least one of the actors, I think the reason for the shadow copy is acting weird is that there is something else going on in the layer. Usually, if you put a 2D layer above a 3D layer it will mask or cover the 3D layer. The light is coming from the upper right side of the frame but the shadow is falling from the upper left. The first and biggest problem that I see is the direction of the shadow. Here's my guess at the workflow along with a little criticism of the design. ![]() When you post a screenshot please select the problem layer or layers and press "uu" to reveal all modified properties so we don't have to guess. It would help if we knew for sure what was going on in the layers. ![]() ![]() Click on it to begin how to print Avery® labels from Excel spreadsheet. Right next to references, there is an option of Mailings. Now go back to your blank document and look on the horizontal bar present on the top. Open your Excel Spreadsheet and make sure that the data is arranged in a proper way like this in columns, where the header is present above each column of data labelling what is what. ![]() Make sure that your excel spreadsheet from which you want to import data to Avery® Labels is present here on this computer too. Using this, you will understand how to print from excel to Avery® labels and create labels such as those having shipping addresses for the customers of your newly found businesses.įire up your computer and open your Microsoft Word application. In order for one to know how to merge excel to Avery® Labels, an extensive step by step guide has been lain down. How to Print from Excel to Avery® Labels? It indeed is a tedious task and one does wonder is there a way around it? Does anyone actually know how to mail merge from Excel to Avery® labels? The answer is yes there is. It might feel like a hectic task to enter each data entry from the spreadsheet to each label individually. If it’s a scenario like the one above or any other similar one where you need the data sorted in your Excel spreadsheet to be arranged in the labels format so it can be printed easily, then continue reading. The next big question which arises here is that how do I mail merge from excel to Avery® labels? Do not worry as this query will explained here in great detail. Well, I am here to tell you that you have taken one step in the right direction with this measure. What you must have already been doing is creating an Excel Spreadsheet where you have entered the name, and addresses of your customers. If you have recently opened up a small business of your own and you have orders piling up and you don’t know how to cope up with all the workload of creating shipping labels and sending stuff out, do not worry. I can see adults still having some fun with the game. Unfortunately I don’t know if Battleship has enough strategy for adults. If it was considerably longer, it would start to drag. That seems about the right length for this type of game. It ultimately depends on how well the players guess, but I would guess you could finish most games within 20-30 minutes. With the reliance on luck, children will have a similar chance of winning without the adult having to throw the game.īattleship also plays relatively quickly. ![]() The game’s simplicity means that adults and children can both enjoy the game. Ultimately Battleship is a simple guessing game where strategy can somewhat help you.įor this reason Battleship has always been a game that has worked better for families/children than adults. There is no strategy that is going to overcome bad/unlucky guessing. Whoever is better at getting those first hits on new ships is likely going to win the game. Getting that first hit on a ship is kind of random though. Once you hit a ship it is just a process of elimination to ultimately sink it. There is no way to know for sure where the ships are though unless you are actively cheating. Being able to read the other player’s tendencies can help. You will ultimately have to get lucky when making guesses. No matter how good your strategy is, it can only go so far. If you utilize a well thought out strategy, your odds of beating someone randomly guessing will be higher.ĭespite there being a benefit to using a strategy when choosing spaces, Battleship still relies on quite a bit of luck. Usually you are better off having a strategy for how you are going to search the grid. You could just randomly choose locations. If you carefully analyze how the game works, there are ways to increase your odds of winning Battleship. Ultimately the game has some elements of both. ![]() I am not quite sure how I would describe it either. If you would ask a lot of players about Battleship, you likely will get differing thoughts on the game’s strategy versus luck. Sometimes it is nice just playing a simple game where you don’t have to analyze a bunch of things before making a decision. Battleship is never going to be confused for a deep game. Just make an educated guess at the location of a ship and hope you are right. You can’t totally zone out while playing it, but you also don’t have to constantly consider what you should do on your turn. I think this is one of the main reasons Battleship has been a family game classic for many years.Īlong with the simple gameplay, comes a game that is one that you can just relax and play. There is nothing complicated about the game. The players basically just take turns calling out letter number combinations trying to find where the other player placed their ships. For those that don’t, I think the game could be explained in just a couple minutes. In fact most people likely already know how to play the game. If you have a basic understanding of simple coordinate systems, you should have no issue playing the game. On the positive side the game is quite easy to play. ![]() There are things that I like about it, but it has quite a few issues as well. The game is considered a classic for a reason. I am not entirely sure what to think of Battleship. If you would like to see the complete rules/instructions for the game, check out our Battleship how to play guide. The first player to sink all five of their opponent’s ships wins the game. To sink a ship, a player has to call out all of the coordinates corresponding to the ship. Players then take turns calling out a coordinate in the grid. Each player places their ships in a grid. Two players face off trying to sink the other player’s ships before they can sink yours. Battleship is a solid somewhat fun game that was good for its time, even if at times it feels like a glorified guessing game.įor those few of you not already familiar with Battleship, the premise behind the game is quite simple. Since I haven’t played Battleship in quite a few years, I decided to give the game a chance to see how it stands up. It wasn’t one of my favorite games though. I remember playing the game every so often when I was a kid. I have to say that I have never had particularly strong feelings towards Battleship. In 1967 it became the Milton Bradley game that most people are familiar with. The game originally began as a pencil and paper public domain game. Battleship is one of those board games that pretty much everyone has played at least once. ![]() Your zero-based budget will look something like this: We understand that this way of budgeting can be confusing, which is why we’re sharing an example of how this method is applied to real-life expenses to provide some clarity. If you’re confused by the concept of zero-based budget, don’t panic just yet. But that is okay! Just edit and tweak your zero budget as needed. You’ll most likely need to readjust your zero based budget, as you may come across unexpected expenses from time to time. This is the essence of zero-based budgeting. If you don’t, you’re more likely to spend it on something non-essential, instead of putting it toward a long-term goal. ![]() If you have money left over, you need to assign it to a category. It’s important to work towards your ideal salary so that you can have more income to save and spend. You can try out a more minimalist lifestyle to cut back on some of your expenses or you can increase your income with a high-paying job. On conditions that your expenses exceed your income, you’ll have to revise the budget to cut costs or readjust your financial plan to make more money. Once you’ve written everything out, subtract the expenses from the income. That’s why zero-based budgeting is particularly helpful for consumers with a variable income. ![]() This way, you’re only using money that’s already in your bank account and not relying on a future paycheck. One feature of zero-based budgeting is that you use last month’s income to determine how much you can spend. ![]() You can use your monthly credit card and bank statements to estimate a realistic figure. Then, decide how much you want to allocate for each specific category by looking at how much you currently have in your checking account. If you need to budget for travel or save up for a new car, those should also be categories. In addition to creating categories for your living expenses, you’ll also need to create categories for your financial goals, whether that be for savings or paying off debt. Debt including student loans, credit cards, and personal loans.Start by making a list of all the categories where you spend money every month. Essentially, with a zero-based budget, you want your income minus your expenditures to equal zero at the end of every month. The goal of a zero balance budget is to assign all of your income to specific categories until there’s no money left over. With a 0 based budget, you will want to keep track of absolutely everything that you spend money on. If productivity, efficiency, and structure are important to you, then this system might be just what you’re looking for. You can use an investment calculator to figure out exactly how much you can realistically put towards investments based on your income. The difference between a regular budget and a zero-based budget is that a traditional budget allows leftover money to sit in your checking account.Ī zero-based budget would require that you move those extra funds to savings, debt payoff, investments, or some other goals. At the end of the month, a zero-based budgeting system lets you know where 100% of your income went. Zero-based budgeting, also known as zero-sum budgeting, centers around the principle that every dollar in your budget should be categorized. Zero-Based Budgeting Can Help You Organize Your Finances.How Does it Compare to Other Budgeting Methods?.Read on to find out if this strategy is right for you, or use the links below to navigate the article. In this chapter, we’ll be discussing the zero-based budget definition, how you can create a zero balance budget, the pros and cons of this method, what to include in your budget, and more. We’ve also discussed various other ways on how to create a budget, like with a free budget template or with the 50/30/20 budget rule. In this series, we’ve already gone over several important topics about budgeting, like what a budget is, what to include in your budget, and how you can create a budget with Mint. Zero-based budgeting is one of the most popular ways to do this. It’s also the best way to plan and save for the things that are most important to you, like a vacation to Bali or a down payment on a new home. Whether you make six figures a year or minimum wage, every dollar you bring in is an opportunity to make more.īut strategically allocating your finances is about more than just funneling money into your investment accounts. Putting your money to work is one of the best ways to maximize your financial potential. ![]() The printable activity sheets with integrated clipart are a hit with my kids. Review by appreciate the educational focus of the clipart, making it a valuable resource for my homeschooling lessons. I suggest including clipart that represents diverse cultures and authors, promoting inclusivity and representation in the classroom." "The clipart selection related to literature and language arts is fantastic! It has allowed me to create visually engaging materials for my English classes. ![]() It would be great to have a 'design challenge' section where students can submit their artwork using the clipart for a chance to win prizes." 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Browse through our collection today and find the perfect elephant outline for your next project!ĭear users of the clipart-library website, this year marks the 7th anniversary of our website. ![]() Our elephant outlines are available in various file formats, including JPG, PNG, and SVG.Whether you're a teacher looking for educational materials or a parent looking for a fun activity for your kids, our collection of elephant outlines has something for everyone. You can print them out for use in coloring books or crafts, or you can use them in digital designs. Simply download the image or clipart that you like, and you can use it for personal or commercial purposes. Some of our elephant outlines are even designed to look like intricate line art that can be used for wall art or other decorative purposes.Using our elephant outlines is easy. You can find simple elephant outlines that are perfect for kids' coloring pages or more detailed ones that are ideal for use in crafts or educational materials. On this page, you will find a variety of free downloadable elephant outlines that you can use for a range of purposes.Our collection of elephant outlines includes different styles and poses. If you're looking for a way to incorporate elephants into your next project, consider using elephant outlines. Elephants are fascinating animals that are beloved by people all around the world. |
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